• The Book
  • - Research
  • - Resources
  • - Conservation
  • - Aquatic Snake Blog
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Pinterest
Elapidae

Exploring Sexual Dimorphism and Skull Allometry in Sea Kraits

November 10, 2023 JCM

In the world of reptiles, one fascinating aspect that often captures the attention of naturalists is sexual dimorphism. This phenomenon, where males and females of the same species exhibit differences…

Aquatic snakes

Geography of Aquatic Snakes 3. Europe

May 14, 2023 JCM

Europe has few aquatic snake species, all in the natricid genus Natrix.

Aquatic snakes South American

Geography of Aquatic Snakes 2.

April 25, 2023 JCM

South America South America has a rich aquatic snake fauna, undoubtedly due to the large river basins of the Orinoco and Amazon and many smaller rivers, and the ancient Pebas…

brackish water Caribbean Dipsadidae freshwater Natricidae North America

Geography of Aquatic Snakes 1.

April 23, 2023 JCM

Aquatic North American snakes represent three family/subfamily level clades, Dipsadidae, Natricidae, and Viperidae.

Aquatic snakes brackish water

A diverse snake community at Lake Songkhla, Thailand and an intro to aquatic snakes

April 23, 2023 JCM

Lake Songkhla has perhaps the most diverse assemblage of water-dwelling snakes globally.

Aipysurus laevis Elapidae sexual dimorphism

Male and Female Olive Sea Snakes have sexual dimorphic activity patterns

January 19, 2023 JCM

Aipysurus laevis from "Erpetologie Generale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles" Pl 77bis. Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804 = Aipysurus fuliginosus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854

Uncategorized

Aquatic behavior in the pitviper, Trimeresurus malabaricus

March 7, 2019 John C. Murphy

Bhaisare and Pelling (2015)report on diving behavior in Trimeresurus malabaricus, a species otherwise considered a terrestrial-arboreal snake. The authors based their report on two observations made on free-ranging Malabar Pit…

Uncategorized

The poorly known homalopsid Raclitia indica – and its phylogenetic position

November 15, 2018 John C. Murphy

The taxonomic position of the rare Selangor Mud Snake Raclitia indica Gray to other species of homalopsids has remained uncertain due to the scarcity of specimens in collections and the…

Uncategorized

The Sea Snake Assemblage in the Muar Estuary

December 17, 2017 John C. Murphy

To the right – Enhydrina schistosa. Photo credit: Aaron Lobo The first major survey of marine snakes was published by Malcolm Smith and covered the coastal areas of the Gulf…

Uncategorized

A new species of Rhabdops from the Western Ghats

October 27, 2017 John C. Murphy

Rhabdops aquaticus sp. nov. showing coloration in life of: A) larger (presumably adult) specimen from Baraki, and B) smaller (possibly juvenile) specimen from Amboli. Specimens not collected. Several years ago…

Uncategorized

Kerala Mud Snake, Dieurostus dussumierii (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854)

July 7, 2017 John C. Murphy

Eurostus dussumierii Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: 953. Holotype: MNHN c3458. Type locality: Bengal (in error). Corrected to Malabar Coast (Murphy, 2007: 109). Hypsirhina dussumierii: Jan, 1863: 78. Hypsirhina malabaricaWerner,…

Uncategorized

Persian Gulf Sea Snakes

October 20, 2016 John C. Murphy

Microcephalophis cantoris, a new record for the Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed shallow marine environment with a mean depth of about 35 meters lying in a subtropical…

Uncategorized

A New Species of Helicops from Minas Gerais, Brazil

August 26, 2016 John C. Murphy

Helicops nentur. Helicops is a genus of 16 species of Neotropical watersnakes. Using morphological and genetic data, Costa and colleagues (2016) identify a new species of this genus in the…

Uncategorized

Abstract: Diet, female reproduction and conservation of Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii in Bung Ka Loh wetland, Uttaradit province, Thailand

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Diet, female reproduction and conservation of Jagor’s water snake, Enhydris jagorii in Bung Ka Loh wetland, Uttaradit province, Thailand Chattraphas Pongcharoena, b, Harold K. Vorisc, Tosak Seelanand, Art-Ong Pradatsundarasarb, Kumthorn…

Uncategorized

Hydrops caesurus Scrocchi, Ferreira, Giraudo, Avila and Motte 2005

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Hydrops caesurus Scrocchi, Ferreira, Giraudo, Avila and Motte 2005. Type locality: Departamento Itapúa, Isla Paloma, Canal de los Jesuitas, Paraguay. Hydrops triangularis bolivianus — Williams and Couturier 1984 Hydrops triangularis…

Uncategorized

Hydrops martii (Wagler, 1824)

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Elaps Martii Wagler 1824. Type locality: Provincia Maranhao, Rio Itapicuru, Brazil Hydrops Martii — Wagler 1830: 170 Homalopsis Martii — Schlegel 1837: 356 Hydrops callostictus Günther 1868: 421 Calopisma martii…

Uncategorized

Hydrops triangularis (Wagler, 1824)

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Elaps triangularis Wagler 1824: 5. Type locality: Ega (= Tefé) Lago Tefé, at confluence with Rio Amazon, Brazil. Hydrops triangularis – Wagler 1830: 170 Hydrops triangularis bassleri Roze 1957:83 Hydrops…

Uncategorized

Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Coluber angulatus Linnaeus 1758: 217. Type locality: “Asia” (in error).Coluber alidras Linnaeus 1758:Coluber Surinamensis Shaw 1802: 460Natrix aspera Wagler 1824: 37Helicops angulatus — Wagler 1830: 171Helicops fumigatus Cope 1868: 308Helicops…

Uncategorized

Helicops carinicaudus (Wied-Neuwied 1825)

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Helicops carinicaudus (Wied-Neuwied 1825) Coluber carinicaudus Wied-Neuwied 1825: 300. Holotype: AMNH 3365, a 909 mm specimenHomalopsis carinicaudus — Schlegel 1837: 350Helicops carinicaudus — Wagler 1830: 170. Distribution. Brazil (Espirito Santo,…

Uncategorized

Helicops apiaka Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ávila & Morrais, 2013

July 10, 2016 John C. Murphy

Holotype: UFMT-R 8512, adult male, collected on 27 October 2009 by Carolina L. Cavlac. Diagnosis. Helicops apiaka sp. nov. is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters:…

Posts pagination

1 2 … 5

Aquatic species are found in many lineages of snakes.

Homalopsids are mostly Southeast Asian Species

Homalopsid snakes have a family-wide distribution throughout the Old World. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan represents the westernmost range limit for Homalopsidae. Eastward, they are distributed throughout much of South Asia, throughout mainland and maritime Southeast Asia, and reaching New Guinea and northern Australia at the eastern margin of their range.

The Thamnophiini are New World natricids, including the Garter Snakes

The most basal Thamnophiine clade recovered by Zaher et al. (2019) included the Liodytes, Clonophis, Haldea, and Virginia genera. These are a mixture of fossorial, terrestrial, and semi-aquatic species. Clonophis exploits an unusual aquatic habitat – crayfish burrows; both Haldea and Virginia are small fossorial species. Liodytes contain some of the most aquatic North American snakes.
The ancestor of North American natricids immigrated from Eurasia sometime before the early Miocene (~19–18 Ma). We know this because the earliest known Western Hemisphere natricid fossils date to the early Miocene, and we know they shared an ancestor because of shared anatomy and DNA.

The large pythons tend to be aquatic

There are no highly specialized aquatic pythons that converge with the anacondas – the highly aquatic boas. However, some python species are best considered semi-aquatic. The largest pythons (Malayopython reticulatus, Python sebae, Python natalensis, Python bivittatus) use aquatic situations to hunt and thermoregulate. The largest pythons are habitat generalists, but they are also frequently associated with water. The large body size may be possible because of their buoyance in water, making movement more efficient.

The File Snakes are some of the most aquatic snakes.

The highly aquatic and unique file snakes have loose, baggy skin and minor, rough scales, each with sensory organs. Their short tails are round, prehensile, flat, and sword-like; the eyes and valvular nostrils are dorsally or dorsolateral. Their lack of muscle tone is spectacular and can only be fully appreciated by handling one, a physiological feature restricting them to an entirely aquatic lifestyle. The rough, file-like surface of the skin and its loose folds are used in catching and holding slippery, mucus-covered fish. Their maxillary teeth are similar in size, long, and fluted on the sides and posterior surfaces. The fluted condition is found in many fish-eating snakes.

The Mud Snakes, Farancia, are aquatic North America Dipsadids

The two species that compose the genus Farancia are considered some of the most aquatic snakes in North America, but both species are known to wander overland (Steen et al. 2013). Droughts may trigger their movement from a wetland, and excessive rainfall may also trigger their movement. Females will also move overland to nest. Both species take aquatic prey. Semlitsch et al. (1988) have described juvenile emergence in both the Fall and Spring and note that hatchlings may benefit from Fall emergence by feeding before their first winter. However, Fall emergence may present the hatchlings with dried or reduced aquatic habitats, while spring emergence would have abundant habitat and food (larval salamanders).
The members of the genus are known to have maternal attendance of eggs, a highly specific diet of elongated prey, American eels (Anguilla rostrata), and the eel-like salamanders of the genera Siren and Amphiuma.

The Boas

The largest boas, the highly aquatic anacondas (Eunectes), are relatively well known. The oldest and largest member of the clade (Titanoboa) was aquatic, and today, the most aquatic members of the family are the anacondas of the genus Eunectes.

Anacondas are Neotropical snakes found east of the Andes. Four extant species and one fossil species compose the genus. The clade includes the largest snake, the Green Anaconda, Eunectes murinus, which reaches at least 8 m and has the greatest mass (in females) of any extant snake (250 kg). Eunectes is derived from a Greek word that means “good swimmer.” The aquatic habitats of these snakes are well documented. Pizzatto et al. (2007) found an aquatic habitat to be a synapomorphy for this genus. The large body size, a relatively long tail, and the dorsal positioning of the eyes and nares are all traits associated with life in water.

  • Facebook
  • Spotify
  • Pinterest
  • Twitter
  • Dribbble

@2023 JCM Natural History

Aquatic Snakes
Proudly powered by WordPress Theme: Newsup.